Update on Ryan Schnieder- Cord Blood Stem Cells for Cerebral Palsy

Anyone remember Ryan Schneider and his active mum Mary? I mentioned them in a very early blog entry and recently found an update on Ryan's condition in an interview with his mother, posted on their website promoting new treatments for children with neurobiological conditions. I also learned from the article that Mary is working to pass a bill promoting cord blood banking and advocating stem cell research.

The pictures of the family are very nice and Ryan does look like a happy and healthy child. I took an excerpt from the interview which I thought would be of interest to those parents who are considering storing their babies' cord blood stem cells. Mary explains why storing and using your own child's cord blood stem cells is the best option.


Question to Mary Schneider:
What do you say to other special-needs parents who want to know how they can try this same procedure for their children?

Answer:
At this point only children with cerebral palsy or similar brain injury, and who have their own cord blood banked at birth are candidates for this treatment.

In order to receive donated umbilical cord blood stem cells, a patient currently has to go through chemotherapy like that endured by cancer patients. Chemotherapy is likely to do significant harm to children, and so is not an option for children with stable neurological conditions like Ryan’s. So it has to be the patient’s own cord blood banked at birth, and not a sibling or other donated stem cells.

To date, seven more children have seen Dr. Kurtzberg. Their issues are all different (as a parent might imagine) and their results vary based upon their previous level of impairment and the viability of the stem cells used.

The common thread is that each child has seen some kind of improvement. Ryan’s results are more than I had hoped for, yet for all the other children there has been a quality of life change on some level. Some of the major improvements parents have reported are in the areas of strength and mobility in both upper and lower body; feeding and gastrointestinal issues; reduction or elimination of seizure activity; body temperature regulation; speech; tactile defensive issues and visual tracking abilities.





WHAT ARE THE CAUSES?

Often rather difficult to define depending on which part of the brain is damaged, but here are a few that I found online.

Causes before birth:
Infections of the mother while she is pregnant. These include German measles and shingles (herpes zoster).
Differences between the blood of mother and child (Rh incompatibility).
Problems of the mother, such as diabetes or toxemia of pregnancy.
Inherited. This is rare, but there is a 'familial spastic paraplegia'.
No cause can be found in about 30% of the children.

Causes around the time of birth:
Lack of oxygen (air) at birth. The baby does not breathe soon enough and becomes blue and limp. In some areas, misuse of hormones (oxytocics) to speed up birth narrows the blood vessels in the womb so much that the baby does not get enough oxygen. The baby is born blue and limp-with brain damage.
Birth injuries from difficult births. These are mostly large babies of mothers who are small or very young. The baby's head may be pushed out of shape, blood vessels torn, and the brain damaged.
Prematurity. Babies born before 9 months and who weigh under 2 kilos (5 pounds) are much more likely to have cerebral palsy. In rich countries, over half the cases of cerebral palsy happen in babies that are born early.

Causes after birth:
Very high fever due to infection or dehydration (water loss from diarrhea). It is more common in bottle-fed babies.
Brain infections (meningitis, encephalitis). There are many causes, including malaria and tuberculosis.
Head injuries.
Lack of oxygen from drowning, gas poisoning, or other causes.
Poisoning from lead glazes on pottery, pesticides sprayed on crops, and other poisons.
Bleeding or blood clots in the brain, often from unknown cause.
Brain tumors. These cause progressive brain damage in which the signs are similar to cerebral palsy but steadily get worse.



Well done Mary for tirelessly bringing stem cell application to the front of everyone's minds and reminding them that the patient should always be first and never to fear a logical next step even though it may be new.

"I want to look like Sharon Stone..."

... I suppose this must be what all the American 35+ year olds must be thinking as they rush out to buy Christian Dior's latest product on Macy's shelves on the weekend (Sharon Stone is the advertising model for "Capture" chosen by LVMH).


COSMETICS MOVE ASIDE

The product -which sounds like a piece of sexy photographic equipment or imaging software- is called Capture 60/80 XP and claims to have "lassoed the power of adult stem cells to help repair wrinkles". (For the interested Asian clients, Christian Dior plans to launch it internationally at the start of 2008)

The product was researched and developed by researchers at the Dior innovation center and the researchers at LVMH in collaboration with Professor of dermatology Carlo Pincelli, who heads the research unit at the laboratory of cutaneous biology in the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia in Italy. It contains a collection of treatment creams and serums for the face and eyes which target women in the 35+ age group who are trying to escape the clutches of skin aging by protecting their adult stem cells in the skin, making them more active and thus reduce the formation or deepening of wrinkles.

The article states that the company's patented "Stemsome" technology and TP-Vityl ingredient is included in the Capture cream's formula and works on a time release system to protect basal cells and the skin's bionectin scaffold which keeps the collagen in place.


HOW MUCH FOR OVER THE COUNTER REGENERATIVE COSMETICS?

The Capture R 60/80 XP collection includes 30- and 50-ml. bottles of serum, which retail for 80.90 euros and 106 euros, or $119.40 and $156.45 at current exchange, respectively. There are also 30- and 50-ml. jars of cream in a light texture and similarly sized jars of cream in a rich texture for 57.80 euros and 86.30 euros, or $85.30 and $127.40, respectively. The 15-ml. eye cream sells for 53 euros, or $78.23. Prices are for France.

In comparison, StemLife stores cord blood stem cells for the equivalent of 5 jars of cream.

While Dior executives would not discuss numbers, industry sources estimated that Capture R 60/80 XP will generate $37 million in wholesale business during its first 12 months worldwide.

SUPPORT FOR STEM CELL INDUSTRY

Interestingly, the article states that some of the proceeds from the sale of Capture will go to Standford University's adult stem cell research funds, which might be a contribution to the Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine


It's been known for years that by merely applying cosmetics, women can make themselves more attractive and appear youthful, but can we really nourish our stem cells and prevent them from dying using a cream kept in our cosmetic case? I'll have to ask someone who's going to use the creams. Well, I guess if there's any bit of skin on our body that is most exposed to UV rays and all other environmental insults, it would be our faces. Maybe I'll buy it for a friend as a present and see if those wrinkles do indeed disappear...

Viacell Acquired by Perkin Elmer

Now that PerkinElmer (PE) has purchased Viacell, the company best known to me for its PCR machines* now owns the distribution arm of Viacell's cord blood stem cell storage unit- Viacord. The announcement of Viacell's takeover, valued at USD 300 million (approx 960 million MYR) was certainly a whole lot more than what Celgene paid for LifebankUSA which was closer to USD 60 million a few years ago.

Viacell had several subsidiaries; one focusing on R&D for cord blood expansion and differentiation; one focusing on therapeutics; another focusing on freezing and storing women's eggs (Viacyte) and its most well known backbone cord blood stem cell banking service Viacord.

PE's intention is essentially to sell off Viacell's stem cell therapeutic business, the Viacyte service, probably wind down the R&D aspects of the business and to ride on Viacord's cord blood banking strengths.


WHY ACQUIRE A CORD BLOOD COLLECTION SERVICE?

PE acquired two companies last year namely Macri Technologies and NTD Laboratories, the former developed a genetic screening kit called Ultrascreen and the latter company offers the screening test at their facilities. In the latest addition to its stable, PE's acquisition of Viacord is to develop an end-to-end package for prospective parents who are shopping for cord blood storage and will also be provided the option of having their babies screened for freeBeta hCG (a peptide hormone indicative of first trimester down syndrome prenatal risk assessment). The chairman and CEO of PE indicated that the acquisitions represent the next steps in their initiative to build a comprehensive screening and diagnostics capability in maternal healthcare.

PE also intends to expand their genetic screening tools that test the cord blood collected for any conditions which are potentially treatable with stem cells. PE also plans to take advantage of Viacell's established distribution consumer network which is doesn't have- allowing it direct access to patients and clients instead of having to rely on doctors and hospitals to sell their product.


GROWTH IN THE MARKET

According to the Boston Globe, Viacord expects to generate less than USD 70 million in sales but Perkin Elmer believes that the cord blood banking market could reach more than USD 1 billion within the next five years. Additionally, PE's CEO also said that the genetics screening business is expected to account for more than 10% of PE's annual sales which totals USD 1.7 billion, and is growing faster than PE's business as a whole.


DRUG GIANTS ARE IN

PE plans to sell Viacyte (egg freezing and storage technology) to EMD Serono which is part of Merck Serono and Viacell's therapeutic business to another drug giant- possibly Amgen.


The CEO of PE Gregory Summe said that Viacord would continue to run independently of PE but that PE may provide additional funding and resources to accelerate Viacord's growth. With PE's generous offer of USD 7.25 per share, I wonder if the management team have decided to retire and let PE's management takeover the day to day operations of the company. Will PE succeed in this latest corporate move? It remains to be seen how the acquisition of Viacord's network can integrate with the screening services. In direct comparison, Celgene's acquisition of LifebankUSA hasn't enabled it to boost its position to No. 1 in the US yet.


*PerkinElmer's PCR machines were the most loved of the lot in the research lab where I used to work. There were long queues for the machine as it was known to give beautiful amplification sequences at high yield. Despite its bulky shape, the best labs still insist on having at least one version of the machine.

AutoXpress System: Not Yet A Winner for Thermogenesis Corp

When Thermogenesis announced that they had pioneered an automated system (AXP) for the processing* of cord blood stem cells, we were all quite excited that the industry was indeed moving in this direction. StemLife has been banking babies' cord blood stem cells in the FDA approved Thermogenesis cryo-storage bags since we started the service in Malaysia in 2001, hence the adoption of this system would seem a natural progression for us.

WHEN BEING FIRST IN TECHNOLOGY ISN'T NECESSARILY BEST

However, just like any system update (in IT terms), the question remains as to whether one wants to take a chance on being an alpha user or to wait for the beta version. StemLife's position is that we usually like to wait for all the bugs and kinks to be sorted out before we put our babies' stem cells on the line. There are 2 automated systems available on the market to stem cell processing laboratories namely Biosafe's Sepax System (Sepax) and Thermogenesis's AutoXpress (AXP).

Both systems have been in the Malaysian market for about a year and we've been evaluating them in terms of uptake internationally, performance and consistency of service. Despite the US largest cord blood stem cell provider- Cord Blood Registry- releasing results of 97% and above recovery rates using the system, many stem cell companies in the US (Thermogenesis's home market) and abroad have yet to fully convert their existing processing systems to the AXP system or Sepax system.


I should point out at this stage that the main advantage of using the AXP system (apart from its automatic sensor which makes recovery rates more consistent) is that it is pretty neat because it automatically puts all the stem cells into the thermogenesis cryo-storage bag in one closed loop (if you wanted to store it in any other container, you would have to syringe out the cells, defeating the functionally closed system that the sterile processing set is supposed to provide).


Upon following the most recent news released by Thermogenesis, it appears that thus far the uptake has been lackluster despite big announcements to market the product through General Electric Healthcare. This lackluster sales performance (due to problems with production and slow sales) for the year of 2007 has resulted in a doubling of the net loss at Thermogenesis Corp in the fiscal quarter ending in September.


GREAT, SO WHY AREN'T ALL CORD BLOOD STEM CELL BANKS USING IT?

I don't know if all cord blood stem cell service providers feel the same way but our reasons for a methodical evaluation are as follow:

a) COST
- It requires the acquisition of new expensive apparatus and equipment
- Technical fragilities (rate of machine breakdowns etc)

b) COMMITMENT
- All processing sets must be purchased from GE alone (effective monopoly)
- Hardware and Software and proprietary to Thermogenesis (data monopoly)

c) CLIENT
- StemLife already promotes the bag storage system but some other cord blood banks are still marketing a non-bag system. Hence Thermogenesis and GE need to convince those banks to adopt the bag storage system.

d) CONSIDERATIONS
- How committed are Thermogenesis and GE to this technology given on-going losses and opaque trendline?
- Price control (we're outside of the US and would be affected if there are currency fluctuations)
- How committed are Thermogenesis and GE to serving the needs of non-US clients? (which accounts for a smaller market)


FINANCIAL IMPACT

According to the article:

Revenue fell to $3.6 million in the quarter, down from $4.3 million in the same three months of 2006. The quarterly net loss swelled from $1.1 million, or 2 cents per diluted share, in last year's initial quarter to $2.3 million, or 4 cents a share, in the same period of fiscal 2008.

Thermogenesis's CEO William Osgood attributed the decline of the company's revenue to a series of false negative results in quality tests for the bags used in the AXP systems (leading to a delay in shipments) and the sale of only 3 BioArchive blood storage systems by GE healthcare, which he said was "significantly below target".

I wonder what the Thermogenesis target given to GE healthcare was, given that the challenges of the system remain and that most cord blood stem cell banks - both public and private- really have to operate on a tight budget and make the service available given their low margins.



*The processing of cord blood to obtain the important and critical stem cell numbers is lengthy (taking between 4-6 hours in total per unit if performed manually) and there is a level of operator dependent subjectivity (good, when you have many units to work on and experienced and well practiced laboratory scientists). This operator-guided process has been in use since the industry pioneered by the founders of the New York Cord Blood Bank in the 1990's.


**The FDA and American Association of Blood Banks (AABB) recommend the Thermogenesis cryo-bag for storage which most of the cord blood stem cell companies have adopted, but not all stem cell companies internationally or in Malaysia are using thermogenesis bag processing systems, instead they have promoted storage in vials, which implies that the AXP system isn't required.

StemLife remembers the late Dr. Tan Qui Hong

Dr. Tan Qui Hong was one of the first Obstetricians in the country to collect cord blood stem cells for StemLife. She paid a personal visit to StemLife's facility in 2004 (photo above). Dr. Tan passed away yesterday morning 8th November 2007 in Johor Bahru and she will be remembered by us as being a fair, kind and forward thinking doctor who always put her patients' best interest first.

The Best Gamble in Las Vegas: Bet on Your Stem Cells

Neostem, a company formerly known as Phase3Med, based in New York (USA) which collects and stores adult stem cells has been around for quite a while. One of their directors was here in Malaysia 3 years ago at one of the locally organized biotech symposiums and expressed a certain interest and admiration for the work that we have accomplished thus far.


LAS VEGAS MEDICINE

After a short hiatus about two years ago where there was a change in management and ownership, the company has started to make regular press announcements about their expansion of collection services in the US in collaboration with aesthetic doctors. Neostem held a press conference last Friday (Oct 23rd) which was sponsored by the Nevada Development Authority and the University of Nevada and a few local companies. Neostem used the opportunity to present to the Nevada Biotechnology and Bioscience Consortium to educate the region's medical and scientific community.


The collection site is apparently sited near the Nevada Cancer Institute and the Nevada Neurosciences Institute. Its CEO Robin Smith said that its expansion in Las Vegas was quite obvious given the large size of the city's population, its tourist attraction status and that tourists also visit for the health and spa-oriented services offered by the hospitality industry. Neostem's target clients for adult stem cell banking include anyone concerned with their long term health or well-being. They are also targeting people concerned about possible exposure to radiation.



MONEY MATTERS

Neostem listed on the American stock exchange on the same day as the Nevada announcement, is unfortunately already trading down and has a market capitalization of 14 million USD. The rapid expansion over the last three years has been loss-making for Neostem (approx. twenty million US dollars) according to its last audit in March. Most of it was operating expenses (expensive infrastructure and qualified personnel requirements).


However, medical director of the Las Vegas facility, Dr. Ivan Goldsmith expressed his enthusiasm to target both residents and tourists and convince them that storing their own stem cells for their future might be a better bet than the gaming tables.


He said: "The odds are far greater that you will eventually be a winner having your stem cells banked"



StemLife offers adult stem cell collection and banking in Malaysia and Thailand. If you're in the region and interested in this service, give us a call. :)

Hip Replacements- Made Real by Surgery and Stem Cells

When my friend's mum fell and broke her femur about 3 years ago, she had to have almost complete bed rest for six months and physiotherapy and rehabilitation for close to three months after that. With a metal screw pin in her thigh bone and a cast around her leg, it was probably the most uncomfortable and frustrating experience for someone who was living a very active lifestyle (tai chi, walking in parks, overseas travel etc.) prior the incident. She has since recovered from the injury but mentions feeling occasional discomfort and tightness in her thigh.

Most people live their early and active life not expecting any bone surgery (unless it is cosmetic) and most fractures tend to happen in osteoporosing elders over sixty. However, hip fractures are far worse than femur fractures the incidence of hip fractues increase with age, doubling for each decade after fifty. Most people who fracture their hips in old age have a poor quality of life and often get depressed and there are estimates that one in four people who fracture their hips completely heal while 20% of those who fracture their hips do not survive the year of their injury.

Given these considerations, it is therefore not surprising that doctors and bio-engineers are often looking at ways to make prostheses more natural and better accepted by the body. In the reported work that is currently being done at University College London (UCL), the doctors are keen on ensuring that people who require a second hip replacement (about 25% undergo a second surgery) will have a better outcome rather than suffer a crumbling joint with a high probability of trauma (apart from a nasty scar) and protracted recovery period involved.


Professor Gordon Blunn's team at UCL's Institute of Orthopaedics collaborates with Dr. John Skinner's group from the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital in Stanmore, are conducting a trial with a GBP 130,000 (approx. RM 897, 150) grant from the UK Stem Cell Foundation and the Medical Research Council for a preliminary trial -to boost patient's bone growth by 75%- which will lead to a larger trial of 80 patients next year.

The current method of surgery requires bone chips to be packed into damaged hip joints to rebuild, followed by the insertion of the artificial replacement hip. What the research team will do is to improve the quality of the implants by infusing the bone chips with the patient's own stem cells, which they believe might act as a better cement and cause less inflammation.

The cells would be obtained from each individual patient's bone marrow which is extracted from the patient's hip bone under anaesthesia, isolated and grown in the laboratory and used to seed the bone chips.

The cell culture is estimated to cost approximately GBP 2,000 (approx. RM 14,000) and this probably excludes the cost of the surgery and any ancillary medical care.

The Chief Executive of the Medical Research Council, Sir Leszek Borysiewicz summarized this work most clearly when he said:

"The idea is to use autologous stem cells [taken from the patient themselves] to accelerate healing and outcome."



QUESTIONS AND THOUGHTS

I thought that there were a few interesting points to take from the concept and the trial.


APPLICATION IN OTHER BONES

Firstly, that marrow stem cells were being infused into the interior of artificial bone as seeding for normal bone structures to form.
-This is not the first time that stem cells have been used to seed bone growth and to kickstart the healing process. It would be interesting to see this method applied in other bones too.


AGE IS NOT AN ISSUE

Secondly, that the autologous stem cells harvested from the patient (usually 60-80 years of age) would still be clearly functional for this purpose, demonstrating that stem cells obtained from an older individual is still useful.


ENOUGH FROM THE SOURCE?

Thirdly and curiously, I wondered where the stem cells would be harvested from in these patients. One has to bear in mind that marrow stem cells are usually collected by puncturing the hip bone. Hence, if these patients are already having their second hip replacement, there can't be much left after all the inflammation and debris to harvest. This might provide the reason why stem cell isolation and growth in the lab becomes an important factor.

The number of stem cells infused needs to be optimal in order for the healing to accelerate and outpace the degenerating tissue, by signalling the required repair factors. I would be most interested to know what that optimal number might be in these cases.



*An renown South African orthopaedic surgeon that I spoke to recently told me that at a recent medical convention, he asked the audience (all doctors) who would undergo and prefer a prosthesis vis-a-vis a natural joint. The answer? Nobody raised their hands for a prosthesis.

Verdict: 100% of doctors themselves would opt for a natural method of joint salvage than have a prosthesis inserted.


If you'd like to watch a hip replacement procedure, here's one I found which gives you an idea of what happens but is censored so that there is none of the gore...

Peripheral blood insulin-producing cells (PB-IPC)

Wonderful news for diabetics! Researchers from the Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine at the University of Illinois have discovered a novel cell population from peripheral blood that looks like it is capable of becoming islet cell and produce insulin if in the right place! This novel cell population demonstrated characteristics of islet beta cell progenitors including the expression of beta cell-specific insulin gene transcription factors and prohormone convertases, production of insulin, formation of insulin granules, and the ability to reduce hyperglycemia and migrate into pancreatic islets after transplantation into the diabetic mice.

These findings just published in the Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 360 (2007) 205–211 can explain our and other researchers findings that when diabetic ulcers are treated with the patients own peripheral blood stem cells other effects are evident apart from the complete healing of the ulcers, that is IMPROVEMENT of their diabetes. It is very probable that this cell population migrates to the pancreas and restarts insulin production!

Autologous Stem Cells (Peripheral or Bone Marrow)

In my first contribution to the blog I would like to give you some information I have gathered from new research studies around the world on Autologous Stem Cells collected either from the Bone Marrow via a bone marrow aspiration or from the Peripheral Blood after stimulation with G-CSF and the effects of those cells in treating conditions that in the past were considered UNTREATABLE!

SPINAL CORD INJURY
In a recent article of Prof. Eva Sykova from the Czech Republic entitled "Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation in Patients With Subacute and Chronic Spinal Cord Injury" in Cell Transplantation, Vol. 15, pp. 1–13, 2006 very interesting results were shown. The research team split the patient group (20 patients) in 2 subgroups according to the duration of the spinal cord injury (7 with subacute: 10-30 days and c13 with hronic: 2-17 months) and compared the results of injecting the patients own bone marrow stem cells either intra-arterially (in the artery supplying the injured area) or intravenously (in the peripheral vein). Improvement in motor (movement) and/or sensory (feeling) functions was observed within 3 months in 5 of 6 patients with intra-arterial application, in 5 of 7 acute, and in 1 of 13 chronic patients. This case study showed that the implantation of autologous bone marrow cells appears to be safe, as there have been no complications following implantation to date (11 patients followed up for more than 2 years). The outcomes following transplantation in acute patients, and in one chronic patient who was in stable condition for several months prior to cell implantation, are indeed promising. Further studies are necessary to confirm those results and to evaluate how to administer the stem cells. It seems that administering the cells closer to the injury site, such as through the catheterization of a. vertebralis, or into the cerebrospinal fluid, or even intraspinally at the lesion border, might be important for a better outcome.

Indeed very promising results and we at THAI StemLife can report the preliminary outcome of one patient in Thailand that in August 2007 received autologous (his own) PBSC that his treating neurosurgeon injected in the spinal canal during open spinal surgery. This patient was involved in an accident 2 years ago, was in a stable condition and could not move or feel anything from neck and below but 2 months after the Stem Cell injection he can move his right arm! Follow up injections are planned by the treating physician and we will be reporting the progress here!

Lou Gehrig's Disease

I don't know anyone personally who has Lou Gehrig's disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) but it does sound like pure suffering as the mind might still be sound but due to the nervous degenerative condition, the muscles in the body gradually waste away (the paralyzed would probably empathize).

The plight of a lady by the name of Pam Penley Schuelke was just so and there was an article that reported her battle with the disease that eventually took her life at the age of 44. You can read more about her life and her deteriorating condition in the article but I thought it might be interesting to pick out a few key points about the treatments that she sought and what her closest kin thought of as results.


Experimental Therapy

The article reports that having raised money through local newspapers highlighting her plight, she and her partner traveled to Tijuana in Mexico for a cord blood stem cell injection which contained 1.5 million stem cells costing USD 20,000. They acknowledge that the procedure is not one that is proven in medical circles, but her partner Chuck Greenwalt believes that the injection might have put his fiancee into a remission and given her a quality of life that she didn't have when she first was diagnosed five and a half years ago.


The body works in mysterious ways

A week before she passed away, according to her fiance, Ms. Penley-Schuelke was able to eat her dinner and was even able to stand up for short periods. Even more incredibly, just hours after her stem cell treatment, she was able to use her hands to grab, which she apparently wasn't able to do for some time. They were even considering opting for another stem cell injection just 3 weeks ago. Her fiance said: "I guess, when I look back, getting the stem cells gave us the opportunity to be active participants in this and not just on the sidelines. We were able to fight this disease that everyone said was so hopeless.."


An important point to note is that there is no cure for this condition, there is a drug undergoing clinical trials now by the name of Rilutek which is said to have "modest" improvements for ALS patients. Additionally, we should also note that Mr. Greenwalt and Ms. Penley-Schuelke knew that there was no cure and looked to stem cells merely as a possible way to improve her quality of life by perhaps stimulating the regeneration of some neurons or slowing the disease process.

I doubt that there will ever be a way to conduct any sort of real randomized controlled trial for conditions such as these, simply because disease progress is fast and providing placebos might just not be fair. Perhaps instead of decrying it as useless treatment, doctors could design some way of measuring quality of life before and after stem cell injections for the patient, these might provide some objectivity which can be presented reasonably at a medical meeting.


*The picture above is interesting as it cites excessive glutamate as a possible cause of ALS, and that Rilutek which acts to slow the bodies' production of glutamate, only keeps patients alive for another 2-3 months.

ESI Abandoning Embryonic Stem Cell Research and the Start of a San Franciso based Embryo Stem Cell Bank

This entry relates to 2 separate news articles.

I read with some regret last month (sorry, only had time to write it up tonight) that the company known as Embryonic Stem Cell International (ESI) folded up its embryonic stem cell research program after a 5-year attempt to get the research off the ground.

The company announced that it had to abandon the work on therapies due to the lack of success and soaring costs. The aim by the original investors- namely the Singapore Government and the Australian Stem Cell Centre (a private investment group)- raised an impressive SGD 24 million (approx RM 50 million) and recruited Dolly creator Alan Colman as its CEO to lead the research effort.


DECISIONS AND REASONS

Professor Alan Colman was extremely honest in providing the reason for the company's decision, mainly that investors had lost interest due to:

a) any commercialization of its research in the short term was "vanishingly small"

b) the attempt to make well functioning insulin cells and cardiac muscle cells from embryos "proved really difficult" as each therapy would require a minumum of 1 billion cells for each dose

c) and that producing such a dose would be prohibitively expensive.


Other scientists comment that other problems with embryonic stem cells include scaling up the required number of cells and problem with immune rejection and the risk of tumour formation.


ESI MOVING ON TO OTHER NON STEM CELL ACTIVITIES?

ESI has not closed down however, according to this article Professor Alan Colman has tendered his resignation as the CEO, the company has since been taken over by its board of directors and its direction is now towards more revenue generating activities such as "drug screening and drug discovery" (which could mean that its services are rented out to the pharma companies).

Prof. Colman has moved onto a position in the Government which is responsible for stem cell research. He is now named as the Executive Director of the Singapore Stem Cell Consortium and the principal investogator at the Institute of Medical Biology. His focus now will be back to laboratory work (presumably he had to do more marketing and administrative work in the previous entity) and dealing with "all sorts of stem cells, not just human embryonic" he was quoted as saying.

I don't usually write about embryonic stem cells in this blog, but have decided that this piece provides some important perspectives on the topic of stem cell research. While the goals of embryonic stem cell research and commercialization are noble and the prospect attractive at first glance, the existing chasm in both its applications (still none confimed to-date) and its hype to the public has been far greater than any in adult stem cells. Investors will base their expectations on when they see the return of their investment, and these days even a 5 year business plan -with the best and most experienced names on board- can seem difficult to forecast.

Ultimately, investors look at revene generation and the company's bottom line to decide whether they wish to stick with it or cut their losses and find somewhere else to put their money. I admit that it is very difficult to assess what to look for in a biotech investment, most are research oriented and revenue will often seem like betting on a horse you know very little about.

And even if you do know a lot about biotechnology and science, understanding the business strategies and direction of the board and its management team is also critical to whether the company will be able to deliver on its corporate objectives. One may have the most wonderful idea in the world, demonstrated its usefulness in advancing the human race and yet have it sidelined due to factors concerning costs and the lack of adoption by the masses.


ANOTHER RISKY EMBRYONIC STEM CELL INVESTMENT?

This brings me to the next interesting snippet of news that I came across. It appears that since my partners and I started the company close to 6 years ago, there have been some others around the world who have decided that they like our company's name enough to either use it in its entirety or an approximation of it.

The headline of the news article screamed "PRIVATE STEM-CELL BANK IS A POOR INVESTMENT". The "stem cell bank" that the article was referring to was an embryonic stem cell company called StemLifeLine which offered couples undergoing IVF to transfer their unused frozen embryos to a company in San Francisco Bay.

The company will make a "personal stem cell line"*, providing clients with a way to "protect their future and the future of their children". A very, very bold statement indeed (surprising that the US Ministry of Health / Federal Agencies isn't restricting the use of these words?)

The journalist correctly points out in the article that although the cell lines are personalized, they would be personalized to the unborn embryo, not to any of its parents or siblings. Furthermore, they state that a minimum of 10-12 embryos would be required to yield a viable line (okay ladies, that's 10-12 eggs, which is what you ovulate in a year). The article states that on average each IVF cycle yields about 10 embryos which are used in an attempt for successful implantation. I've also heard that the success rate of a couple that chooses to undergo IVF is less than 30% in some cases, so most couples would use all the viable embryos to give the procedure the best chance... hence would the stem cell bank be saving the least viable embryos to create the stem cell lines?

The company plans to market its services through leading IVF centres and generate its revenue (although it doesn't state how much the charges are) by isolating, growing and storing frozen embryonic stem cells. Given that ESI has just announced its plans to switch out of this area, this company's investors and doctors seem not to have read about all the issues surrounding the reason why embryonic stem cells have failed to live up to expectations thus far.

For those who think that cord blood stem cell collection and storage is not a valuable investment despite its proven list of applications and future potential applications, this embryonic stem cell service sounds to be of an even riskier bet.

I'm not saying that the public shouldn't have a choice, its just that from a business perspective I wouldn't even know where to start on that embryonic risk vs. benefit chart for ethical counselling.


*The idea of creating personalized stem cell lines for patients has been mooted before, and collapsed. If you're interested, read this 2005 article, a subsquent article and this one.

Singapore's Successful Double Cord Blood Stem Cell Transplant

Just when you've heard from other news sources that:
a) cord blood stem cells are useless;
b) that you'll never ever need it;
c) that cord blood units contain too little to be used in a transplant or;
d) that it is only used in cases of small children

Bravo to Singapore's marrow transplant doctors for their successful case of 19 year-old Nanyang Polytechnic student Candy Yeow. She had Philadelphia positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia which had very poor prognosis of survival. However, she was very lucky because the medical team was able to find 2 HLA matching (or near matching) units of cord blood stem cells from an overseas cord blood bank. Her transplant went well and at her one-year transplant anniversary, she's in complete remission and off all immuno-suppressants.

Her doctor at the Singapore General Hospital Dr. Mickey Koh was quoted as saying that a single unit of cord blood didn't have enough stem cells for the transplant and hence they went for two combined units in order to achieve the requisite number of stem cells for the patient.

Hence, if you're wondering whether cord blood stem cells can be used for an adult, it depends on how many stem cells were collected in the first instance and if it isn't, at least you're halfway there with one unit. The odds of finding one matching unit is challenging enough, but two matching units like what Candy has here is almost a miracle*.


*Apart from just finding the right matching cord blood stem cell units, the medical care provided to ensure successful recovery is equally important and not to be taken for granted.


WHY CANDY HAD TO HAVE A STEM CELL TRANSPLANT FOR HER CONDITION

From Blood Journal:

Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1)-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has a poor prognosis when treated with conventional chemotherapy. We analyzed the outcome of 67 HLA-identical sibling bone marrow transplants (BMTs) for Ph1-positive ALL reported to the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry (IBMTR). Twenty-one of 67 (31%) transplant recipients survived in continuous complete remission more than 2 years after transplant. Two-year actuarial probabilities (95% confidence interval) of leukemia-free survival were 38% (23% to 55%) for 33 patients transplanted in first remission, 41% (23% to 61%) for 22 patients transplanted after relapse, and 25% (9% to 53%) for 12 patients failing to achieve remission with conventional chemotherapy. These data indicate that transplants are effective treatment for Ph1- positive ALL.


Also for the record, there is little indication that propensity for ALL is passed on from parents to children.

Stem Cell Cure Claims for Cerebral Palsy and Down's Syndrome? Definitely NOT StemLife

There were a few statements made by the Malaysian Minister of Health reported in Malaysia's local newspaper "the Star" today. I'm writing this entry for StemLife clients, staff, shareholders and supporters who may be wondering if it relates to our work.

The Health Minister was quoted saying that there are those who claim that stem cells can cure diseases such as cerebral palsy and Down's syndrome, and a doctor who charged RM 25,000 for a stem cell treatment for these two conditions*.

Firstly, I'd like to put on record that StemLife has never claimed that stem cells can cure either of these conditions and that the doctor who administered the "treatment" worth RM25,000 is NOT in any way associated with StemLife.

Secondly, I'd like to address a few points that the article failed to mention (perfectly understandable as the journalist was reporting statements, not providing any analysis). The assumption that people only invest in something when there is a guarantee is largely incorrect, especially when it comes to one's health. One thing that can be certain is that in the medical profession, there is never a guarantee for a cure for any disease, whether the procedure concerns stem cells or not.

Further, the article and statements address the false hopes about what stem cells can do but fails to mention anything about the areas where stem cells have been used successfully in medical applications in Malaysia. This does not provide the Malaysian public with a pragmatic assessment of what facilities and procedures are available or possible in the appropriate medical context.

Thirdly, cord blood stem cell banking has been available in Malaysia over the last five and a half years -both privately and publicly- and the cost of storing stem cells has been declining, while the number of applications has increased significantly since it was first used in 1987. Therefore if one can afford the storage costs, then it is an option that can be considered.

Finally, in all fairness, no one should think of stem cells as a miracle cure for anything and everything. In all of human history, there has yet to be such a thing.

In case this topic is new to you, I'm including a few links below that I hope you will find useful. More stories can be found on this blog- try using the search box on the top left of this page or let me know if you have a particular question (we will refer to the medical specialists). We can't guarantee that we'll have an answer, but we'll be happy to share any information that we have on stem cells or its current applications.


Cord Blood Transplants from the National Marrow Donor Program, USA

Cord Blood Transplant Case as reported on CNN

Cord Blood Stem Cells as a Source for Adult Cancer Patients from the American Cancer Society

Cord Blood Registry (CBR)- one of USA's Largest and Oldest Cord Blood Stem Cell Banks Application Publication (click on the thumbnail on the right)

Cord Blood Stem Cell Transplant for Immune Diseases (from the British Medical Journal)

Statistics of Autologous Cord Blood Storage and Use by Dr. Frances Verter and Dr. Nietfeld (note that this is a .ppt file)


* I found this article published which might be one of the organizations that the Minister might be referring to.

First Ever Beijing Stem Cell Donor for Taiwanese Recipient

Despite any political maneuvering between China and Taiwan, it is articles like these (1, 2) that bring our minds back to the basics- which is that geopolitics aside, our genetic heritage links us and binds us eventually to a common fate.

Additionally, stem cell resources will always reside with the size and diversity of the population, hence China with more than 1.3 billion is a stem cell treasure trove for chinese people all over the world if we are able to thoroughly profile and screen the stem cells.


The article which I noted a while ago (sorry, it's a late comment, but I thought it worthwhile) reports the first time that stem cells were matched from a patients in Taiwan to donors in Beijing*. The two profiled donors were Ms. Hang from Jiangsu province and Ms. Xiaoyan from Hunan province. (click here if you'd like to know where the provinces are in relation to Beijing)

They were brought to Beijing and their stem cells were mobilized from their bone marrow to the bloodstream (you can read more on mobilization and collection here) and their stem cells collected via apheresis. Their stem cells were subsequently transported to Taiwan for the transplantation.

The second article provides a little more detail on the donors and their perceptions of stem cell harvesting and donation.

Ms. Hang who is a youthful 36 year-old is a registered blood donor who has donated blood several times in her life. Apparently, a marrow bank was established in her home province in 2003 but few people registered as donors. Ms. Hang signed up as a donor in the registry not only because her employer, Amway urged all employees to do so, but also because she saw it as "an opportunity to help others... why not do it?"

Amway's staff registration yielded 1,500 new potential donors and they report that 4 of them have already been called on as donors.

Ms. Hang's father is a doctor and said that the process of mobilizing and collecting stem cells was harmless and supported her decision to donate. The recipient was a 16 year-old girl and I hope that they collected as many stem cells as they could and that the patient has recovered.



*Taiwan has exported stem cells obtained from donor's cord blood, bone marrow and peripheral blood to patients all over the world. Cord blood stem cells obtained from a private company that facilitates the storage facility for databasing and sale, Stemcyte incur a charge of between RM 100,000 to RM 150,000 per unit (they have released in excess of 250 cord blood stem cell units). Some patients have also withdrawn 2 cord blood stem cell units to use in a double transplant when one unit is insufficient.

Malaysian patients have accessed this facility many times and have been able to find successful matches which has allowed life-changing stem cell transplantation to proceed.

Credit also goes to the Tzu Chi Taiwan Marrow Donor Registry, the third largest of its kind in the world, which has made over a hundred matches for mainland patients and patients in South East Asia.

A Lifetime of Ailments and Probable Strokes removed by Stem Cell Transplantation

More often than not, when we think of people who suffer from strokes, older people- someone's uncle, father or grandmother- comes to mind. Did you know that some 2 year-olds have strokes too?

This article reports the work of doctors at a Children's medical center who performed a stem cell transplant in 2005 on 2 year-old Shylynn Turner, whose previous two strokes had already hobbled her right leg and limited the ability of her right hand.


YOUNGER SISTER'S STEM CELLS

Now a bright looking 4 year old (her photo is in the article), Shylynn received her younger sister's stem cells for the treatment of her condition- sickle cell anemia*. Her transplant was performed last year and after clearing the one-year anniversary of her transplant, her pediatric hematologist and oncologist Dr. Mukund Dole pronounced her "cured of her sickle cell disease".

The credit for this work is attributed to the supervising doctor and his transplant team at Dayton Children's hoapital.

"She is cured of her sickle cell disease," said Dr. Mukund Dole, a pediatric hematologist and oncologist at Dayton Children's.


NOT EVERY TRANSPLANT IS A SUCCESS

Shylynn's doctor can say that with confidence now that Shylynn has passed the one-year anniversary of the transplant, Children's first success at the rare, complicated and potentially fatal procedure. A previous attempt at the same hospital for another patient to transplant a patient for the same condition failed.


WHAT IS SICKLE CELL ANEMIA?

Shylynn's doctor defines this condition* as follows:

Sickle cells are abnormally shaped red blood cells that can get stuck in blood vessels and block blood flow, which can cause pain, strokes, organ damage and infections. The only way to rid the body of the cells is through a stem cell transplant.

The idea is that normal blood cells (red cells, white cells and platelets) and immune cells (lymphocytes) will arise from the donated stem cells, which can come from bone marrow, peripheral blood and umbilical cord blood.

But the chance of a donor sibling who is a perfect tissue match is only about 25 percent, Dole said, which is why the procedure is so rare.

It's also risky because the patient first must undergo intensive chemotherapy to wipe out the abnormal blood cells and bone marrow, which devastates the patient's immune system.

Worldwide several hundred patients have undergone the procedure with a success rate of 85 percent.


A NEW LIFE?

"I am happy, I feel very blessed and Shylynn's very happy since they took her off her restrictions," Amber Turner said. "She gets to go out and play with other kids now. She's really been enjoying it."


**Sickle cell anemia is not prevalent in Malaysia but a parallel genetic condition of the blood that is prevalent is Thalassemia major. However, unlike the possible evolutionary advantages that sickled cells confer, I am not sure about Thalassemia. If anyone has any ideas or clues, please feel free to post your comment.

THE SICKLE CELL'S POSSIBLE EVOLUTIONARY ADVANTAGE

In 1949, British geneticist Anthony Allison found that the frequency of sickle cell carriers in tropical Africa was higher in regions where malaria raged all year long. Blood tests from children hospitalized with malaria found that nearly all were homozygous for the wild type of sickle cell allele. The few sickle cell carriers among them had the mildest cases of malaria. Was the presence of malaria somehow selecting for the sickle cell allele by felling people who did not inherit it? The fact that sickle cell disease is far less common in the United States, where malaria is rare, supports the idea that sickle cell heterozygosity provides a protective effect.

Going Deaf? Hello Stem Cells?

"GRANDDAD, DO YOU WANT SOME TEA?"

The reason why I enjoy reading about stem cells is because everytime an article is published on a novel application, I can think of someone who might benefit from it. In this case, its my grandfather who is presently a healthy 96 year-old (or young depending on his mood).

He is still energetic and full of enthusiasm but one of the first senses to deteriorate was his sense of hearing. He started off with just one hearing aid about ten years ago but now has one in each ear. It has become quite difficult to communicate with him now unless you can get his attention visually or by gently nudging him first (and if he turns up his hearing aid, we get the do-doo-do sounds due to the radio requencies when a nearby mobile phone rings).


Hearing Loss

Hearing loss has many causes, including genetics, aging, and infection, and may be complete or partial. Such loss may involve damage to inner ear cells called cochlear fibrocytes, which are fundamental to inner ear function.

Blind as a Bat, Deaf as a ......



Stem Cells Restore Hearing

Anyway, this article tells us of some exciting research published in the American Journal of Pathology (well, exciting to me anyway) conducted in the National Tokyo Medical Center (Japan*) by Dr. Tatsuo Matsunaga. He came up with the idea of finding out if bone marrow derived stem cells could help to restore damaged cochlear fibrocytes and thus speed up the recovery of hearing.

Dr. Matsunaga and team came up with the devastating idea of killing off these cochlear fibrocytes with a drug in mice, thus inducing an acute hearing loss. Partial recovery due to innate stem cells may occur over many weeks but these poor mice almost never regain their high-frequency hearing. Dr. Matsunaga then explored if direct administration of stem cells into the inner ear of these mice might restore the lost cell population and consequently, hearing.

The results were very interesting.

Stem cells injected into the inner ear survived in half of the injured rats, where they migrated away from the site of injection toward the injured region within the inner ear. These stem cells divided in the new environment and expressed several proteins necessary for hearing, suggesting tissue-specific differentiation. Further, transplanted cells that migrated to the damaged area of the inner ear displayed shape similar to that of cochlear fibrocytes.

Importantly, transplanted rats exhibited faster recovery from hearing loss, particularly in the high frequency range, which is difficult to restore by natural regeneration. Stem cell migration into the damaged area of the inner ear improved hearing of high frequency sound (40 kHz) by 23% compared to natural recovery in untreated animals.

So it appears that the stem cells are able to "home in" on damaged areas of the inner ear and initiate regeneration of the lost cells, and that the transplanted cells were able to adapt morphologically and functionally to their new environment.

My questions are how the stem cells are injected** into the inner ear (under X-ray guidance?), how many stem cells we'll need and whether it might work on a 96 year-old. I think this work is very exciting and I'd really like to tell my grandfather about it, but I'll wait to tell him in person, not over the phone :).



*The work was supported by grants, one of which was from the Japan Foundation of Aging and Health. It is interesting to note this as Japan as one of the most serious aging populations in the world today.

**Have a look at this interesting cochlear implant (developed by Seoul National University) which gets inserted all the way into the cochlear and connected to a speech processor. Read this page if you want an idea of how cochlear implants are surgically implanted and its risks.




On another note, I found this very interesting language company in Luxembourg. The emphasis of its founder, Dr. Alfred Tomatis, is that you have to be able to hear the language before you can speak it with the right tones. The teaching method involves the assessment of your auditory abilities before you commence the language course. Notice how English speakers are on the higher frequency whilst other european languages tend toward the lower frequencies.

Bristol Cardiac Team Uses Stem Cells for Heart

Articles from or about Bristol always brings with them a sense of nostalgia for me and its been a while since the last opportunity to visit (StemLife keeps me in Asia, mostly).

Anyway, back to the stem cell news. I was very pleased to see that the Bristol cardiac team based at the Bristol Royal Infirmary and at the University will in August start a stem cell program which involves the injection of autologous (patient's own) bone marrow stem cells into the affected heart during routine coronary bypass surgery. The surgeons, led by Dr. Raimondo Ascione, believe that stem cells can assist in the healing process post surgery, reducing scarring and thereby improving the heart's pumping action. Follow-up time of the patients is stated to be six months, which I think is a perfectly reasonable length of time (based on our experience here).

The work is funded by the British Heart Foundation and amounts to GBP 210,000 (approximately 1,455,070 RM).


The article describes why the surgical team acknowledges the usefulness of stem cells:

In a heart attack, blocked blood vessels starve the heart's muscle of oxygen and cells in that part of the heart die, leaving scarring.

The scarred heart is then less able to pump blood around the body and can lead to heart failure.

While the blood supply to the heart can be improved with coronary bypass surgery or angioplasty (mechanical stretching of the heart blood vessels), these techniques do not restore the viability and function of the area already damaged.

And scarring can cause further complications - a fifth of patients develop a dangerous thinning of the walls of the heart within six months of bypass surgery.

The patients who will be selected are those who suffered a heart attack between 10 days to three months ago, and half of them will receive the stem cells, while the other half will receive a dummy injection.


Are there any ethical issues?

Dr. Ascione says that using the patient's own stem cells will not only avoid the risk of rejection and infection, but also get round any ethical issues sometimes associated with embryonic cells or foetal tissue (which is hotly debated). It was also great that Professor Jeremy Pearson, Associate Medical Director of the British Heart Foundation, is also looking forward to stem cells being used routinely in the repair of damaged hearts.


At StemLife, we also offer adult-derived stem cell therapies for patients with ischemic heart disease. Not all patients are eligible for the program however, so please check with us to see if you're a suitable candidate.

1667: First Human Blood Transfusion

Once in a while, an interesting scientific snippet crosses my path and I'll share it with you to increase the number of somewhat weird facts that you may already know (and maybe use it to impress others!).

Did you know that June 15th 1667 was the first time ever that a blood transfusion was given to a human being? (Medical and scientific knowledge of blood was rather primitive back then, people even thought you could stay alive by drinking the blood of others..)

According to this article, the patient was a 15 year-old boy who had been bled so much by the doctor (probably during a procedure) that he required a blood transfusion. The doctor* used sheep's blood and amazingly, the boy managed to recover. Other patients weren't as successful though and the practice was banned. Doctors had no idea back then that interspecies transfusion isn't tolerated by the immune system and that humans have different and sometimes incompatible blood types (humans have 4 types, you inherit your blood types from your parents).



The major blood type groupings were elucidated in 1907, only when a critical piece of the jigsaw puzzle was identified by Viennese physician Karl Landsteiner discovered the presence of agglutinins and iso-agglutinins in the blood. He went on the win a Nobel Prize for his work.


*It seems that the doctor who performed this daring procedure is disputed as either Jean-Baptiste Denys, personal physician to France's King Louis XIV, or Englishman Sir William Lower. While Jean Baptiste is accredited for the transfusion in humans, Sir William Lower was the first to demonstrate blood transfusion from one dog to another in 1665.

You can read about other amusing ancient stories on blood here.


How does this all relate to stem cells?

Well, not much correlation really, except that when we process cord blood and adult peripheral blood, reducing the number of red blood cells is part of the procedure. This is to ensure a smaller volume for infusion and also that the unit can be safely given to a patient with matching stem cell type but a different blood group from the donor.

Surgeons Using Stem Cells for Bone Fractures

I was intrigued when I saw this article, not so much by the actual announcement of the stem cell work performed, but rather exactly where the location of the hospital was and I was surprised that hospitals outside the major cities of England were also conducting stem cell therapeutic trials.

Oswestry, I found out is a small town in the county of Shropshire, off Shrewsbury on route to the Cambrian mountains near Wales. The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital in Oswestry does look like an excellent hospital and has a website which is very detailed. It is clear from the description of the hospital's history that pioneering new techniques and investing in research is a priority, so stem cell clinical application is certainly on their checklist.

The consultant surgeons there have been conducting clinical trials using stem cells obtained from patient's own bone marrow (autologous) to heal bone fractures which could not be successfully healed with conventional techniques using metal pins and plates. According to the report, the research trial plans to take in forty patients. Fifteen patients have since undergone the treatment and 8 out of the first 10 patients followed up are successfully healed (able to drive and return to work).

The procedure:
Surgeons harvest the stem cells from the patient's pelvic bone and multiply the stem cells for a period of 3 weeks.

Consultant surgeon Professor James Richardson said: "Things have worked out quite well. A few patients have needed other procedures, refixation for instance, but the important thing is they're healing."
Surgeons collect the stem cells in a sample of bone marrow, usually from the patient's pelvis. They are purified and then multiplied in a sterile laboratory. 3 weeks later, the surgeons have to re-expose the fracture and place the stem cells at the site. After a few months, the bone appears to regain the strength of its original structure. One of the patients, Sarah Humphreys was one of the first patients to be treated with stem cells and is now able to walk unaided.

She said: "I'm absolutely fine, the leg doesn't give me any problems at all apart from a bit of residual pain if I've been for a long walk, or been a bit more active than I would have been, but not to the extremes it was. I'm basically doing everything I was prior to the accident."

The surgeons aim to treat 40 patients in the clinical trial and due to the autologous nature of the cells, there are no chances of rejection. They are unsure as to how the stem cells transplants work (nature does in deed work in mysterious ways) but speculate that the cells may turn into bone and seal the gap, or play a role in the secretion of chemicals that kick-start the healing process.

The article states: These are experimental treatments for now. But surgeons say the results so far are so promising that stem cells are likely to be widely used on the NHS in a matter of years.


Editor's Note:
I am particularly enthused by these results as StemLife has also been obtaining positive results from patients who have had stem cells in combination with their orthopaedic procedure. We have also been working with a niche and focussed orthopaedic hospital- the Kuala Lumpur Sports Medicine Center. If you have a cartilage injury that you'd like to discuss and explore stem cells may help in its healing, please give us a call.

Expert Hematologists Say Stem Cell Harvesting is SAFE

If you've been following this blog for a while, this probably isn't news to you, but I thought that this article only lends further credence to those patients concerned about whether stem cells are safe to collect.

Baby umbilical cord blood stem cells certainly are safe to collect, and very apparently so are adult stem cells. The article is so clear in its message that I thought it would be good to excerpt it here for you to read just in case they take it off line.



Experts At Hematologists' Congress In Vienna Say The Procedure For Donating Stem Cells Is Safe EHA Congress 2007
14 Jun 2007

Donating stem cells is almost free of risk for donors and is often the only chance of survival for many patients with certain severe blood or bone marrow diseases. This was the conclusion arrived at in an observation study conducted by the Medical University of Hanover and just presented at the Congress of the European Hematology Association in Vienna.

Stem cell donors can save lives. The only way to fully cure most types of blood cancer (leukemia) is through the transplantation of what are called hematopoetic stem cells, i.e. by transferring healthy blood-building cells from an appropriate donor. Physicians cannot call on cell donors in good conscience unless this procedure is free of danger. There have been isolated cases of donors reported in the past who themselves came down with leukemia several years after making their life-saving gift. Researchers undertook a number of different studies to determine if there was any connection here.

The Congress of the European Hematology Association (EHA), the leading association of experts on blood and bone-marrow diseases in Europe, is currently being held in Vienna. One of the speakers, Dr. Michael Stadler, senior physician in the Department of Hematology, Hemostaseology and Oncology at the Medical University of Hanover (D), presented the results of a recent study on this subject: "Since March 1994, we have examined nearly 600 donors of bone marrow or peripheral stem cells and determined that the donation of stem cells is a very safe procedure. We have not detected a single case of leukemia to date among our donors and unpleasant side effects occurred for a total of only one percent of these individuals."

The study involved 596 donors aged one to 71 (60% males, 40% females). Both common methods of hematopoetic stem cell transplantation were represented, namely classic bone-marrow transplantation and the modern method of peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.
"Bone marrow can only be extracted under general anesthesia and requires a one to two-day hospital stay," explained Dr. Stadler. "During this procedure, a half to one liter of a mixture of blood and bone marrow is suctioned from around the donor's iliac crest, not from the spinal cord, as is often falsely reported. This mixture is filtered and then transfused into the recipient by way of intravenous infusion. The intervention itself takes about one hour. The bone-marrow cells that are removed are replenished in the donor within about two weeks by subsequent cell growth."

Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation is an even simpler and more comfortable procedure for donors. The reason for the designation is that the stem cells are taken not from bone marrow but from the blood stream at the periphery of the body, e.g. from a vein in the arm. This procedure does require biochemical preparation, however. Dr. Stadler: "For a period of five days beforehand, the donor receives a substance called G-CSF, which stands for Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor. G-CSF is a hormone the body produces itself and is released in the case of inflammations to stimulate the reproduction of white blood corpuscles. If administered as a drug in high doses, it accelerates the overall formation of blood and causes blood stem cells that are not yet fully matured to be detached from their environment in bone marrow, for lack of space you might say. These stem cells make their way to the peripheral blood stream where they can be fished out for the patient using a special separation method called stem cell aphaeresis."

G-CSF stimulation in particular was long suspected of being a possible trigger for leukemia in donors over the long term. In their long-time study, however, Dr. Stadler and his colleagues did not observe a single case of leukemia or a single case of death over a period of more than 12 years.


The risk of anything happening to you in harvesting your own stem cells is really minimal, so please don't be afraid to donate or bank your stem cells for yourself and your family members.